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Table of Contents

• Dedicationiii

• About the Authorsv

• Acknowledgmentsvii

Chapter 1 — Introduction: Towards Justiciability1

• The Evolution of Corporate Responsibility1

  • Understanding the Guiding Principles6

  • Business Respect for Rights Is a System7

  • Legal Implications of the Guiding Principles10

• The Justiciability Challenge11

• Overview of this Book13

• Our Interpretive Approach15

Chapter 2 — Legal Risk19

• Introduction: Business and Human Rights as a Legal Science19

• Litigation: Adjudicating Responsibility for Human Rights20

  • Transnational Tort Claims20

    • Canada23

    • The United Kingdom26

  • Misrepresentation Cases30

  • Director & Officer Liability and Shareholder Class Actions32

  • Investor-State Disputes34

    • The Guiding Principles Provide an Alternative “In Accordance with Law” Defence for States36

  • Legislation: The Grand Experiment40

    • Disclosure Requirements41

    • Human Rights Due Diligence Requirements44

    • Oversight Mechanisms46

    • Criminal Liability and Sanctions48

  • International Treaty50

  • Towards a Justiciable Standard of Care for Business and Human Rights52

Chapter 3 — Rights53

• Introduction53

• The Structure of Rights56

• The Structure of Human Rights57

• A Typology of Human Rights60

  • Negative and Positive60

  • Generations of Rights62

    • The First Generation: Civil and Political Rights62

    • The Second Generation: Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights62

    • The Third Generation: Solidarity Rights63

  • Interpreting Rights64

  • Prioritizing Rights67

• The Guiding Principles and the Two Dimensions of Rights69

  • The Second Dimension of Human Rights71

    • The Right to Freedom of Expression75

    • The Right to Health80

      • Case Study80

      • The Right to Health under International Law80

        • Access to Health-Related Information83

        • Targeting Vulnerable Groups84

      • LiquorCo and the Right to Health84

• Conclusion88

Chapter 4 — Involvement89

• Introduction89

• Fact Pattern: Modern Slavery and the Financial Sector94

• Cause or Contribute95

  • Ordinary Meaning96

    • Dictionary Meaning96

    • Social Science Meaning97

    • Factual Causation in Law99

      • Conditio Sine Qua Non100

      • Causal Uncertainty and Causal Link101

      • Remoteness104

      • Foreseeability and Law105

  • Meaning in Light of the Guiding Principles’ Object and Purpose107

  • Practical Meaning of Cause and Contribute111

  • Application to This Case112

• Omission113

• Directly Linked117

  • Ordinary Meaning118

  • Meaning in the Light of the Guiding Principles’ Object and Purpose118

    • Vicarious Liability121

    • Justification for Vicarious Liability122

  • Understanding Directly Linked Through Vicarious Liability124

    • Vicarious Liability and the Scope of a Business Relationship126

  • Practical Meaning of Directly Linked127

  • Application to This Case129

• Conclusion129

• Case Studies: Cause and Contribute130

• Case Studies: Directly Linked134

Chapter 5 — Grievance Mechanisms141

• Introduction141

• Case Study: Overview of the Framework146

• Assessment of the Framework150

  • Assessing the Waiver under Guiding Principle 29150

  • Assessing Stakeholder Engagement under Guiding Principle 31(h)154

  • Assessing Legitimacy under Guiding Principle 31(a)164

  • Assessing Equitability under Guiding Principle 31(d)169

  • Assessing Transparency under Guiding Principle 31(e)171

• Lessons from the Framework174

Appendix: Indicators for an Adjudicative Operational-Level Grievance Mechanism183

Chapter 6 — Rights-Compatible Remedy189

• Introduction189

• Effective Remedy in International Law191

  • The Aim of Remedy191

    • Proportionality192

    • Cultural Appropriateness and Innovation194

    • Effective Remedy vs. Rights-Compatible Remedy196

  • Types of Remedies198

    • Restitution198

    • Satisfaction199

    • Rehabilitation201

    • Guarantees of Non-Repetition202

    • Compensation206

  • Remedy and Adverse Impact209

  • Assessing Rights-Compatible Remedy210

• Conclusion223

Postscript: A Word of Caution and a Call to Arms225

• Index227